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This study compared life expectancy among retired military personnel RMP to their sex and birth cohort-specific reference populations. For this historical cohort study, we collected data on the sex, year of birth, year of death, time in service, and rank at end of service for Israeli RMPs. Data on reference populations were provided by the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics by birth decade from to Overall, This difference in life expectancy was more pronounced among women than among men.
Length of service and rank were not associated with relative longevity for RMPs. The mechanism of the protective effect of military service on life expectancy remains unknown, but our findings indicate that it affects men and women differently, with women being more likely to benefit from the potential protective effect of military service. The healthy worker effect is known to vary from one occupation to another, and to the best of our knowledge, this is the first attempt to quantify the magnitude of the healthy worker effect among career military servicemen and women.
Several factors likely contribute to this situation, including income, environmental conditions and personal satisfaction and fulfillment [ 1 , 2 ]. The study of associations between life parameters and health outcomes is a basic tenet of epidemiological research, and for two centuries occupational factors have been linked to patterns of mortality [ 3 , 4 ]. Despite the considerable changes to job characteristics that have taken place over the past 50 years, few changes in mortality patterns have been seen across social groups [ 4 ].
In an analysis of modern occupations, one recent study found that younger age at death was observed for certain job categories such as athletes and performers, while older age at death was seen for other groups, such as political and business workers [ 3 ].
While the association between occupation and life expectancy may be complicated by self-selection, demographic and socioeconomic characteristics may affect opportunities for entry into certain careers. There is also evidence that occupation may causally influence life expectancy.
For example, for black and white athletes a career in professional sports was found to substantially narrow the typical racial gap in life expectancy, a phenomenon attributed to the unique characteristics of this occupation [ 5 ]. Long-term military service is another unique career path that may influence basic health outcomes such as life expectancy.
After excluding obvious reasons for shortened life expectancy, such as battlefield injury and death, it is unclear what the effects of a military career are on the life trajectory of personnel once they retire from service.
On one hand, some researchers have suggested that military service may serve as a protective factor for life course events such as education, family, earnings and post-service employment [ 6 — 8 ]. Despite the erratic work life associated with a military career, veterans are able to leverage their challenging vocation to equal the occupational achievements of nonveterans.
Additionally, personnel starting their military careers at an early age showed a larger gain in psychological strength and health from adolescence through mid-life as compared to nonveterans [ 9 ]. Furthermore, an older-than-average age at death has been observed among those who served in the US military [ 3 ]. On the other hand, military personnel, on average, spend less time with their families, have spouses who are less likely to work, and experience higher divorce rates [ 10 ].
Some research also indicates that veterans may be disadvantaged with regards to their ability to achieve a desired life trajectory, compared to civilians of similar background and age [ 6 , 8 ]. The aim of this historical-cohort study was to compare life expectancy among retired military personnel RMP to their sex and birth cohort-specific reference populations. Thus, these data were deemed complete and reliable. Data on medical screening procedures prior to recruitment were not available.
Data on mean age at death in the reference population, stratified by sex and birth cohort, were provided by the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics. To limit the reference populations to those most appropriate for comparison to the RMPs, we excluded non-Jewish persons, individuals who died prior to the age of 20 and immigrants who completed fewer than 10 years of life in Israel before their death. RMPs and their reference populations were categorized by birth decades from to On initial descriptive analysis of the data, we discovered no deceased RMPs in the — birth cohort and only one RMP in the — birth cohort who had died by the time of the study.
Thus, we limited our final analysis to the seven birth cohorts between and We conducted univariable and multivariable analyses to evaluate the association between military service and age at death. For logistic regression analysis, we included the predictor variables sex, rank, length of military service and birth cohort. Rank and length of service were introduced into the model as dichotomous variables commissioned officer vs.
The outcome variable was defined as older or younger than the expected reference value. The Mann Kendall test for trend was used to examine age differences over time. This population was predominantly male, and nearly two-thirds were commissioned officers.
The largest birth cohort was born in the s, and The majority of deaths The mean age at retirement was Table 2 presents the mean age at death by sex and birth cohort for RMPs and their reference populations. As expected, mean age at time of death decreased with progressing younger birth cohorts both in the general population and among RMPs. No deaths were recorded among female RMPs in the last study cohort — Among RMPs, the mean age at death for females was consistently higher than for males, although the difference for the — cohort 32 female deaths was not statistically significant.
This sex difference narrowed monotonically with progressing birth cohorts, from a maximum of These observations were not apparent in the respective birth cohorts in the general population. Mean age at death by gender and birth cohort for retired military personnel RMPs and reference populations. Table 3 shows the mean age at death by study group and birth cohort, separately for males and females. Among both sexes, and among all birth cohorts other than males born in — , the mean age at death was significantly higher among RMPs than among their civilian counterparts.
The width of this occupational group difference was more pronounced among women weighted mean difference 9. Mean age at death for retired military personnel RMPs and their reference populations, stratified by gender and birth cohort.
This proportion was strongly modified by sex, with There was a clear increase in the odds of relative longevity for RMPs in progressive birth cohorts with a dramatic increase for the latest birth decades Table 4. By providing your email, you agree to the Quartz Privacy Policy.
Skip to navigation Skip to content. Discover Membership. Editions Quartz. More from Quartz About Quartz. Follow Quartz. These are some of our most ambitious editorial projects. By Allison Schrager Reporter. Published March 14, This article is more than 2 years old.
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