The pressure on the land today is higher than it ever was, as most of the community and clan-land have been fragmented into private property. The hutments of the villages now remain at the same place in contrast to earlier days when the whole village also shifted to new site.
Land preparation and cropping is undertaken with minimum tillage and no animals or large machinery are used by the jhum cultivators. The only implements used are the chopping knife, sickle, dibbling stick, spade and hoe. Labour and seeds in usually sourced from within the household. The yield obtained from jhum fields at present is only a pittance and can sustain the jhumia families for only about four to five months in a year.
Most of the jhumias here have been converted to Christianity — thus rites and rituals related to shifting cultivation are no longer being performed. Some of the Jhumias have started to rear cattle as well as poultry besides jhuming, marking a transitional phase in the lifestyle of these cultivators.
International Fund for Agricultural Development FAD has introduced many programmes to improve the living status of the jhumias here and the cultivators have availed many facilities offered by them. The Government of India through various prominent programmes have tried to immobilise the jhumias throughout the northeast.
The last 30 years marked a proliferation of schemes through state as well as central governments aimed to stabilise the slopes and encourage terrace farming with assured irrigation. Introduction of plantation crops such as rubber, coffee, tea, black pepper, cashewnut, etc; afforestation programmes; land development schemes and many others were taken up to assist farmers to opt for an alternative settled cultivation. Many jhummias have accepted these schemes and it is seen that the creation of wetland terraces with assured irrigation has attracted the jhummias particularly in the paddy growing areas.
However, poor extension services, lack of dedicated officers to work in rural areas and the failure to ensure effective marketing linkages along with communication and transport network means that the jhumias continue to miss opportunities. These projects have demonstrated that through multi-pronged external intervention, the productivity of shifting agriculture can be enhanced. Land development in the form of bench terraces with assured irrigation facilities have proved most effective in attracting the jhumias to settled agriculture.
Shifting cultivation of alder Alnusnepalensis , as practiced in villages such as Khonoma in Nagaland is more sustainable, when the trees are cut but waist high stumps are left, a practice called pollarding which is proving to be indeed beneficial in the hill slopes.
Cash and horticulture crop plantations undertaken under this scheme is also making an appreciable impact in the process of weaning away the jhumias from their age-old practice. Many abandoned jhum areas have today been converted into permanent plantations of arecanut, cashew, citrus, etc. Creation of tea plantation has also helped to a certain extent. A three-tier system proposed by ICAR in which agricultural practices are carried out in the lower portion of the slope with support of bench terraces as conservation measures is also a fruitful prospect in the states of Meghalaya, Manipur, Nagaland and Tripura.
They have come up with a solution called the compost pit system, wherein pits are dug perpendicular to the direction of the slope and agricultural residues buried. The leftover soil is used for contour bunding for the growth of nitrogen fixing crops such as soyabean.
In fact, the life and culture of the ethnic people of the Chittagong Hill Tracts depend to a great extent on jhum cultivation. In jhuming, seeds are sown after the first rain in April.
A broad blade knife, commonly known as dao, is used to sow the seeds. Small holes are made throughout the field by dao and a mixture of different crop seeds are placed in them. The main crops generally grown in jhum include rice , maize , millet, sesame , cucumber , pumpkin, melon, stringbean, cotton , banana , ginger , turmeric, etc.
Very little weeding is carried out, except in some cases when it is considered necessary to provide protection against damages caused by wild animals and birds. Crops are harvested in succession as they ripe between July and December. Jhuming enhances soil erosion and depletes fertility. As a result, crop yields are low enough to sustain a Jhumia family in a limited area. The widely followed years minimum rotation cycle has now been reduced to just years but is still not sustainable.
It is practised by tribal groups in northeastern It is practised by tribal groups in northeastern states of Arunachal Pradesh,meghalaya, mizoram read less. Slash-and-burn is an agricultural technique that involves the cutting and burning of plants in forests or woodlands to create fields.
It is subsistence agriculture that typically uses little technology. It is typically key in shifting cultivation agriculture. Slash and burn agriculture called as Jhum cultivationThe North-Eastern state of India has contributed to deforestation farmers cut down trees and burnt the plant remains the ash is used as a fertilizer, and the land is used for farmingAfter Cultivation the area is left for several years to allow it's Related Questions.
Harsh asked Ramu is a shoe manufacturer and he wants to directly exchange shoes for rice without the use of money. A double coincidence of wants B good exchange with money C good exchange with goods D none of these. Arun 26 Jul 1 0. Priyanka Arya 08 Apr 0 0.
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