Cameras, horseshoes, baseball catchers' masks and snowshoes are other items that are made from magnesium alloys. Magnesium oxide MgO , also known as magnesia, is the second most abundant compound in the earth's crust. Magnesium oxide is used in some antacids, in making crucibles and insulating materials, in refining some metals from their ores and in some types of cements.
When combined with water H 2 O , magnesia forms magnesium hydroxide Mg OH 2 , better known as milk of magnesia, which is commonly used as an antacid and as a laxative. He tasted the water and found that it tasted very bitter. He also noticed that it helped heal scratches and rashes on his skin.
Epsom salt is still used today to treat minor skin abrasions. Magnesium carbonate is used to make some types of paints and inks and is added to table salt to prevent caking.
A thin film of magnesium fluoride is applied to optical lenses to help reduce glare and reflections. Magnesium is flammable, so one of its main uses is for flares and fireworks.
During World War II, the element was even used to make incendiary bombs. Magnesium is born in stars, when, under extreme temperatures, helium and neon fuse. It's the eighth-most abundant element in the universe, according to the U. Geological Survey. On Earth, magnesium is found both in the crust and in the mantle; it's also the third-most abundant mineral dissolved in seawater, with a 0. After Davy isolated magnesium in , several scientists worked to purify the metal using various methods, according to the USGS.
It wasn't until , though, that an electrolysis method, developed by Robert Bunsen inventor of the Bunsen burner , made industrial production possible. Magnesium burns too easily to be used widely for building, according to the Jefferson Lab, but when mixed with aluminum, it creates an alloy that is strong, light and easy to work with.
Magnesium also has biological uses. It's part of chlorophyll, the green pigment that plants use to extract energy from sunlight. The element is also crucial to more than biological processes in the human body, according to the U.
National Library of Medicine. Relative supply risk 7. Young's modulus A measure of the stiffness of a substance. Shear modulus A measure of how difficult it is to deform a material. Bulk modulus A measure of how difficult it is to compress a substance. Vapour pressure A measure of the propensity of a substance to evaporate. Pressure and temperature data — advanced.
Listen to Magnesium Podcast Transcript :. You're listening to Chemistry in its element brought to you by Chemistry World , the magazine of the Royal Society of Chemistry.
Hello, this week we meet the substance whose chemical claim to fame is that its quite literally hit a bum note in the past as a cure for constipation. But its explosive role isn't just confined to the colon because it's also the basis of incendriary bombs and even the existence of life on earth. And to tell the story of Magnesium, here's John Emsley. The summer of saw England gripped by drought, but as Henry Wicker walked across Epsom Common he was came across a pool of water from which thirsty cattle refused to drink.
He found that the water tasted bitter and on evaporation it yielded a salt which had a remarkable effect: it acted as a laxative. This became the famous Epsom's salt magnesium sulfate, MgSO 4 and became a treatment for constipation for the next years.
The first person to propose that magnesium was an element was Joseph Black of Edinburgh in , and an impure form of metallic magnesium was produced in by Anton Rupprecht who heated magnesia magnesium oxide, MgO with charcoal. He named the element austrium after his native Austria. A small sample of the pure metal was isolated by Humphry Davy in , by the electrolysis of moist MgO, and he proposed the name magnium based on the mineral magnesite MgCO 3 which came from Magnesia in Greece.
Neither name survived and eventually it was called magnesium. Magnesium is essential to almost all life on Earth - it is at the heart of the chlorophyll molecule, which plants use to convert carbon dioxide into glucose, and then to cellulose, starch, and many other molecules which pass along the food chain. Humans take in around mg of magnesium per day and we need at least mg, but the body has a store of around 25 g of this element in its skeleton so there is rarely a deficiency.
Almonds, brazil nuts, cashew nuts, soybeans, parsnips, bran, and even chocolate are all rich in magnesium. Some brands of beer contain a lot, such as Webster's Yorkshire Bitter - it may owe some of its flavour to the high levels of magnesium sulfate in the water used to brew it.
Magnesium is the seventh most abundant element in the Earth's crust, and third most abundant if the Earth's mantle is also taken into consideration because this consists largely of olivine and pyroxene, which are magnesium silicates. It is also abundant in sea water p. The metal itself was produced by the electrolysis of the molten chloride. Once magnesium starts to burn it is almost impossible to extinguish, because it reacts exothermically with oxygen, nitrogen and water.
It burns with a bright light and was used for photographic flash bulbs It made an ideal incendiary agent and in some air raids during World War II as many as half a million 2 kg magnesium bombs would be scattered over a city in the space of an hour. The result was massive conflagrations and firestorms. Bulk magnesium metal is not easily ignited so this had to be done by a thermite reaction at the heart of the bomb. The thermite reaction, between aluminium powder and iron oxide, releases more than enough heat to cause the magnesium casing of the bomb to burn fiercely.
Many minerals are known which contain magnesium; but the main ones are dolomite calcium magnesium carbonate, CaMg CO 3 2 and magnesite which are mined to the extent of 10 million tonnes per year. Magnesite is heated to convert it to magnesia MgO , and this has several applications: fertilizers; cattle feed supplement; a bulking agent in plastics; and for heat-resistant bricks for fireplaces and furnaces. The metal itself is being produced in increasing amounts. It was originally introduced for racing bicycles which were the first vehicles to use pure magnesium frames, giving a better combination of strength and lightness than other metals.
A steel frame is nearly five times heavier than a magnesium one. For use as a metal, magnesium is alloyed with a few percent of aluminium, plus traces of zinc and manganese, to improve strength, corrosion resistance and welding qualities, and this alloy is used to save energy by making things lighter. It is found in car and aircraft seats, lightweight luggage, lawn mowers, power tools, disc drives and cameras. At the end of its useful life the magnesium in all these products can be recycled at very little cost.
Because it is an electropositive metal, magnesium can be act as a 'sacrificial' electrode to protect iron and steel structures because it corrodes away preferentially when they are exposed to water which otherwise would cause rusting. So better bikes, better bombs and better bums. Thank you very much to science writer John Emsley for telling the tale of Magnesium.
Next week the illuminating story of the element that spawned a light bulb but really needs to work on its image. If any element needs a change of PR this is the one. It's brittle, prone to ponginess and arguably the dunce of the periodic table. Even the man who discovered osmium treated it rather sniffily. It reeked - or at least some of its compounds did. Tennant described the "pungent and penetrating smell" as one of the new element's "most distinguishing characters".
So he called it osmium - osme being the Greek for odour. That's Quentin Cooper who will be undressing osmium for us in next week's Chemistry in its element, I hope you can join us. I'm Chris Smith, thank you for listening, see you next time.
Chemistry in its element is brought to you by the Royal Society of Chemistry and produced by thenakedscientists. There's more information and other episodes of Chemistry in its element on our website at chemistryworld. Click here to view videos about Magnesium. View videos about. Help Text. Learn Chemistry : Your single route to hundreds of free-to-access chemistry teaching resources.
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Download our free Periodic Table app for mobile phones and tablets. Explore all elements. D Dysprosium Dubnium Darmstadtium. E Europium Erbium Einsteinium. F Fluorine Francium Fermium Flerovium. G Gallium Germanium Gadolinium Gold. I Iron Indium Iodine Iridium. K Krypton. O Oxygen Osmium Oganesson. U Uranium. V Vanadium. X Xenon. Y Yttrium Ytterbium.
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